Medical Advocates
Lopinavir/Ritonavir (Kaletra/Aluvia)
 
Journal Citations: Adverse Events
 
General Disorders                        Renal Disorders   
Cardiovascular Disorders             Blood Disorders
Cutaneous Disorders           
Gastrointestinal Disorders
 Hepatic Disorders        
 Hypersensitivity                 
Metabolic Disorders               
Musculoskeletal Disorders            
Neurological Disorders
Oral Disorders		  
 
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Last Update: June 10, 2017
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Genera/Miscellaneous Disorders
 
 

FULL-TEXT ARTICLE
Impairment of the activin A autocrine loop by lopinavir reduces self-renewal of distinct human adipose progenitors.
Ravaud C, Paré M, Azoulay S, Dani C, Ladoux A.
 Sci Rep. 2017 Jun 7;7(1):298
 Paper

Side effects and tolerability of post-exposure prophylaxis with zidovudine, lamivudine, and lopinavir/ritonavir:
a comparative study with HIV/AIDS patients.
Cai J, Xiao J, Zhang Q.
Chin Med J (Engl). 2014 Jul;127(14):2632-6.
 Abstract

Sick sinus syndrome possibly due to lopinavir-ritonavir: report of two cases
Sasaki S, Yanagisawa N, Suganuma A,
Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 2013 Sep;87(5):613-7
Abstract

Comparative analysis of ER stress response into HIV protease inhibitors: Lopinavir but not Darunavir induces potent ER stress response via ROS/JNK pathway.
Taura M, Kariya R, Kudo E,  et al
Free Radic Biol Med. 2013 Aug 20.
 Abstract

Orbital floor triamcinolone causing Cushing's syndrome in a patient treated with Kaletra for HIV 1.
McConkey HZ, Williams H, Kulasegaram R, Graham E.
BMJ Case Rep. 2013 Feb 25;2013
 Abstract

Virological characterization of patients failing darunavir/ritonavir or lopinavir/ritonavir
treatment in the ARTEMIS study:96-week analysis.
Lathouwers E, De Meyer S, Dierynck I, Van de Casteele T,  et al
Antivir Ther. 2011;16(1):99-108
 Abstract

Alopecia induced by lopinavir plus ritonavir therapy in an HIV patient.
Chrysos G, Mikros S, Kokkoris S, et al  
J Drugs Dermatol. 2007 Jul;6(7):742-3.
 Abstract
 
Clinical ritonavir and lopinavir hypersensitivity confirmed by a specific in vitro
cellular allergen stimulation test.
Manfredi R, Sabbatani S, Bergonzi S.
Curr HIV Res. 2007 Jul;5(4):440-2
 Abstract

Predictive factors of lopinavir/ritonavir discontinuation for drug-related toxicity:
results from a cohort of 416 multi-experienced HIV-infected individuals.
 Bongiovanni M, Cicconi P, Landonio S, et al 
Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2005 May 3;
 Abstract

Inflammatory oedema of the legs: a new side-effect of lopinavir?
Lascaux A S, Lesprit P, Bertocchi M, Levy Y.
AIDS 2001;15:819
Letter

Cardiovascular Disorders
 
 
FULL-TEXT ARTICLE
Dyslipidemias and Elevated Cardiovascular Risk on Lopinavir-Based Antiretroviral Therapy in Cambodia.
Limsreng S, Marcy O, Ly S, et al
 PLoS One. 2016 Aug 31;11(8):e0160306.
 Paper

FULL-TEXT ARTICLE
Current Efavirenz (EFV) or Ritonavir-Boosted Lopinavir (LPV/r) Use Correlates with Elevate Markers of Atherosclerosis in HIV-Infected Subjects in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Gleason RL Jr, Caulk AW, Seifu D,  et al
PLoS One. 2015 Apr 27;10
 Paper

Investigation on the mechanism for the binding and drug resistance of wild type and mutations of G86 residue in HIV-1 protease complexed with Darunavir by molecular dynamic simulation and free energy calculation.
Li D, Zhang Y, Zhao RN,  et al
J Mol Model. 2014 Feb;20(2):2122.
Abstract


Evaluation of myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease in subjects taking
lopinavir/ritonavir from clinical trial and pharmacovigilance databases.
Silva D, Tschampa J, Beron J, F
 Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012 Apr 27.
Abstract

Electrocardiogram abnormalities with atazanavir and lopinavir/ritonavir.
Rathbun CR, Liedtke MD, Blevins SM,  et al 
HIV Clin Trials. 2009 Sep-Oct;10(5):328-36.
 Abstract


Transient cardiac arrhythmias related to lopinavir/ritonavir in two patients
with HIV infection.
 Chaubey SK, Sinha AK, Phillips E, et al 
Sex Health. 2009 Sep;6(3):254-7.
 Abstract

Serious bradyarrhythmia that was possibly induced by lopinavir-ritonavir
in 2 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Kikuchi Y, Genka I, Ishizaki A, et al.
 Clin Infect Dis 2002 Aug 15;35(4):488-90
 Abstract
 

Accumulation of lopinavir resistance-associated mutations over 3 years follow-up of
patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy: implication in salvage therapy.
Tsuchiya K,  Matsuoka S,  Hachiya A,   et al
AIDS. 15(9):1183-1184, June 15, 2001.
Letter
 

Cutaneous Disorders
 
 
Hair loss induced by lopinavir-ritonavir.
 Borrás-Blasco J, Belda A, Rosique-Robles D, et al
Pharmacotherapy. 2007 Aug;27(8):1215-8.
Abstract

Maculo-papular rash induced by lopinavir/ritonavir.
 Calista D. 
Eur J Dermatol. 2005 Mar-Apr;15(2):97-8.
 Abstract

Gastrointestinal Disorders
 
 
Diarrhea Associated with Lopinavir/Ritonavir-Based Therapy:
Results of a Meta-Analysis of 1469 HIV-1-Infected Participants.
 Wegzyn CM, Fredrick LM, Stubbs RO,  et al J
 Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic). 2012 Apr 27
 Abstract

The HIV protease inhibitor lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra) alters the growth, differentiation
and proliferation of primary gingival epithelium.
Israr M, Mitchell D, Alam S,  et al
HIV Med. 2010 Aug 15.
Abstract

Differences in rates of diarrhea in patients with human immunodeficiency
virus receiving lopinavir-ritonavir or nelfinavir.
 Guest JL, Ruffin C, Tschampa JM,et al 
Pharmacotherapy. 2004 Jun;24(6):727-35.
Abstract

Hepatic Disorders
 
 
Lopinavir/ritonavir induces the hepatic activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2C9,
CYP2C19, and CYP1A2 but inhibits the hepatic and intestinal activity of CYP3A as
measured by a phenotyping drug cocktail in healthy volunteers.
Yeh RF, Gaver VE, Patterson KB,
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.  2006 May;42(1):52-
 Abstract
 
Liver injury and changes in hepatitis C Virus (HCV) RNA load associated with
protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy for treatment-naive HCV-HIV-
coinfected patients: lopinavir-ritonavir versus nelfinavir.
Sherman KE, Shire NJ, Cernohous P, et al
 Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Oct 15;41(8):1186-95.
 Abstract
 
Higher plasma lopinavir concentrations are associated with a moderate rise in
cholestasis markers in HIV-infected patients.
 Seminari E, Gentilini G, Galli L, et al   
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005 Sep 5;
Abstract
 
Low incidence of hepatotoxicity in a cohort of HIV patients treated with lopinavir/
ritonavir.
 Bonfanti P, Ricci E, Penco G, et al
AIDS. 2005 Sep 2;19(13):1433-1434.
 Abstract
 
Liver Toxicity of Lopinavir-Containing Regimens in HIV-Infected Patients with
or without Hepatitis C Coinfection.
 Gonzalez-Requena D, Nunez M, et al  
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2004 Jul;20(7):698-700.
 Abstract

Hypersensitivity
 
 
Clinical ritonavir and lopinavir hypersensitivity confirmed by a specific in vitro
cellular allergen stimulation test.
Manfredi R, Sabbatani S, Bergonzi S.
Curr HIV Res. 2007 Jul;5(4):440-2
 Abstract

Metabolic Disorders
 
 
FULL-TEXT ARTICLE
Dyslipidemias and Elevated Cardiovascular Risk on Lopinavir-Based Antiretroviral Therapy in Cambodia.
 Limsreng S, Marcy O, Ly S, et al
 PLoS One. 2016 Aug 31;11(8):e0160306.
 Paper

FULL-TEXT ARTICLE
 HIV Lipodystrophy in Participants Randomised to Lopinavir/Ritonavir (LPV/r) +2-3 Nucleoside/Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (N(t)RTI) or LPV/r + Raltegravir as Second-Line Antiretroviral Therapy
 Martin A, Moore CL, Mallon PW,  et al
PLoS One. 2013 Oct 30;8(10):e77138
 Paper

Association of lopinavir concentrations and plasma lipid or glucose concentrations in HIV-infected South Africans.
Sinxadi PZ, McIlleron HM, Dave JA, et al
AIDS Res Ther. 2012 Oct 26;9(1):32
 Abstract

Zidovudine/lamivudine but not nevirapine in combination with lopinavir/ritonavir decreases subcutaneous adipose tissue mtDNA.
Feeney ER, van Vonderen MG, Wit F,  et al
 AIDS. 2012 Aug 7.
Abstract


The lopinavir/ritonavir-associated rise in lipids is not related to lopinavir or
ritonavir plasma concentration.
Bierman WF, van Vonderen MG, Veldkamp AI,  et al
Antivir Ther. 2011;16(5):647-55.
 Abstract

Fat Tissue Distribution Changes in HIV-Infected Patients Treated with Lopinavir.
Kolta S, Flandre P, Van PN,  et al
Curr HIV Res. 2011 Jan
 Abstract

The protease inhibitor combination lopinavir/ritonavir does not decrease insulin secretion
in healthy, HIV-seronegative volunteers.
Pao VY, Lee GA, Taylor S, et al 
AIDS. 2009 Nov 3
 Abstract

Differences in lopinavir plasma concentrations comparing kaletra((r)) film coated tablets and
soft gelatine capsules that result in various lipid abnormalities.
Morello J, Soriano V, Blanco F, et al
 Drug Metab Lett. 2009 Apr;3(2):67-9.
Abstract

Sustained Increase of HDL Cholesterol Over a 72-Week Period in HIV-Infected Patients Exposed
to an AntiretroviralRegimen Including Lopinavir/Ritonavir.
Meynard JL, Lacombe K, Poirier JM, et al  J
Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic Ill). 2008 Nov 17.
 Abstract
 
Impact of steady-state lopinavir plasma levels on plasma lipids and body
composition after 24 weeks of lopinavir/ritonavir-containing therapy free
of thymidine analogues.
León A, Martinez E, Sarasa M, et al 
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007 Aug 21;
 Abstract
 
Insulin resistance in HIV-infected patients receiving long-term therapy with
efavirenz, lopinavir/ritonavir and atazanavir.
Bernal E, Masiá M, Padilla S, et al
Med Clin (Barc). 2007 Jul 14;129(7):252-4.
 Abstract
 
Exploratory study comparing the metabolic toxicities of a lopinavir/ritonavir plus
saquinavir dual protease inhibitor regimen versus a lopinavir/ritonavir plus
zidovudine/lamivudine nucleoside regimen.
Cameron DW, Becker S, King MS
 J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007 Mar 9;
 Abstract
 
Effects of atazanavir/ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir on glucose uptake and insulin
sensitivity: demonstrable  differences in vitro and clinically.
Noor MA, Flint OP, Maa JF, Parker RA.  
AIDS. 2006 Sep 11;20(14):1813-21.
 Abstract
 
Single-dose lopinavir-ritonavir acutely inhibits insulin-mediated glucose disposal in
healthy volunteers.
Lee GA, Lo JC, Aweeka F,
Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Sep 1;43(5):658-60.
 Abstract
 
Predictive Factors of Hyperlipidemia in HIV-Infected Subjects Receiving
Lopinavir/Ritonavir.
Bongiovanni M, Bini T, Cicconi P, et al
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2006 Feb;22(2):132-8
Abstract

Lopinavir/ritonavir combination and total/HDL cholesterol ratio.
 Valerio L, Fontas E, Pradier C, Lavrut T, et al 
J Infect. 2005 Apr;50(3):229-35.
 Abstract

Lipid disorders in antiretroviral-naive patients treated with lopinavir/ritonavir-
based HAART: frequency, characterization and risk factors.
 Montes ML, Pulido F, Barros C, Condes E, et al 
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005 Mar 10;
 Abstract
 
Risk of metabolic abnormalities in patients infected with HIV receiving
antiretroviral therapy that contains lopinavir-ritonavir.
Martinez E, Domingo P, Galindo MJ, et al.   
Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Apr 1;38(7):1017-23.
 Abstract
 
Incidence of hyperlipidaemia in a cohort of 212 HIV-infected patients
receiving a protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy.
 Calza L, Manfredi R, Farneti B, Chiodo F
Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2003 Jul;22(1):54-59.
Abstract
 
FULL-TEXT ARTICLE
 The metabolic effects of lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-negative men.
Lee G A, Seneviratne T. Noor MA, et al
AIDS. 18(4):641-649,
 Paper

Musculoskeletal  Disorders
 
 
Bone mineral density in HIV participants randomized to raltegravir and lopinavir/ritonavir compared with standard Second Line therapy.
Martin A, Moore C, Mallon PW, et al
AIDS. 2013 Aug 6.
 Abstract

Bilateral pedal edema in an HIV patient: Lopinavir/Ritonavir-containing treatment
regimen as a potential cause?
 Shihab HM, Lutwama F, Piloya T, et al
 J Infect Dev Ctries. 2009 Jun 1;3(5):405-7.
 Abstract

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head in a HIV-1 infected patient receiving
lopinavir/ritonavir.
 Bongiovanni M, Chiesa E, Riva A, et al 
Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2003 Dec;22(6):630-1.
 Abstract
 

FULL-TEXT ARTICLE
Small dense LDL and atherogenic lipid profile in HIV-positive adults: influence of
lopinavir/ritonavir-containing regimen.
 Badiou S, De Boever CM,Dupuy A-M,et al
AIDS. 17(5):772-774, March 28, 2003.
 Paper

Neurological Disorders
 
 
Focal Encephalitis Related with Viral Escape and Resistance Emergence in Cerebrospinal Fluid in a Patient on Lopinavir/ritonavir Monotherapy with Plasma HIV-1 RNA Suppression.
Imaz A, Cayuela N, Niubó J,  et al
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2014 Aug 5.
Abstract


 Neurocognitive impairment in patients randomized to second-line lopinavir/ritonavir-based antiretroviral therapy vs. lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy.
 Bunupuradah T, Chetchotisakd P, Jirajariyavej S, et al
J Neurovirol. 2012 Sep 20. [
 Abstract

Oral Disorders
 
 
Does lopinavir/ritonavir alter the primary gingival epithelium?
Rivero A, Pérez-Camacho I.
Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2010 Dec;8(12):1345-9.
 Abstract

Acquired macroglossia due to lopinavir/ritonavir treatment.
 Vritsali E, Kolokotronis A, Valagouti D, et al 
Oral Pathol Med. 2005 Jan;34(1):56-58.
 Abstract

Renal Disorders
 
 
Acute interstitial nephritis caused by lopinavir/ritonavir in a surgeon receiving antiretroviral postexposure prophylaxis.
Chughlay MF, Njuguna C, Cohen K, Maartens G. 
AIDS. 2015 Feb 20;29(4):503-4.
 Abstract

Blood Disorders
 
 
Enhanced Eryptosis Following Exposure to Lopinavir.
Bissinger R, Waibel S, Bouguerra G, et al
 Cell Physiol Biochem. 2015;37(6):2486-95.
Abstract
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Lopinavir/Ritonavir
Journal Papers/Abstracts/Commentaries:
Adverse Events