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Nucleoside/Nucleotide RTIs
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Last Update:  March 27, 2018
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New and Noteworthy
     

March 2018
 

General Reports
 

     Journal Papers, Abstracts, and Commentaries 

 
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors with reduced predicted activity does not impair second-line therapy with Lopinavir/Ritonavir or Darunavir/Ritonavir.
Villabona-Arenas CJ, Eymard-Duvernay S, et al
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2018 Mar 25

Abstract

Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: A Thorough Review, Present Status and Future Perspective as HIV Therapeutics.
Holec AD, Mandal S, Prathipati PK, Destache CJ.  
Curr HIV Res. 2017 Nov 19.
Abstract

Removing inactive NRTIs in a salvage regimen is safe, maintains virological suppression and reduces treatment costs: 96 weeks post VERITAS study.
Trottier B, Longpré D, Dion H,  et al
J Int AIDS Soc
. 2014 Nov 2;17(4(Suppl 3)):19815
Abstract

FULL-TEXT ARTICLE
Antiretroviral regimens sparing agents from the nucleoside(tide) reverse transcriptase inhibitor class: a review of the recent literature.
Achhra AC, Boyd MA.
AIDS Res Ther
. 2013 Dec 13;10(1):33.
Paper

Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, and Protease Inhibitors in the Treatment of HIV Infections (AIDS).
De Clercq E.
Adv Pharmacol. 2013;67:317-58.
Abstract

The Use of Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Sparing Regimens in Treatment-Experienced HIV-1 Infected Patients.
Di Biagio A, Ricci E, Viscoli C,  et al

Curr HIV Res
. 2013 Feb 20.
.
Abstract

NRTI Backbone in HIV Treatment: Will it Remain Relevant?
Tressler R, Godfrey C.
Drugs. 2012 Nov 12;72(16):2051-62.
Abstract

Frequent Emergence of N348I in HIV-1 Subtype C Reverse Transcriptase with Failure of Initial Therapy
Reduces Susceptibility to Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors.
Brehm JH, Koontz DL, Wallis CL, et al
Clin Infect Dis
. 2012 May 22
Abstract

The role of nucleoside and nucleotide analogues in nodular regenerative hyperplasia
in HIV-infected patients: A case control study.
Cotte L, Bénet T, Billioud C, Miailhes P, et a
J Hepatol
. 2010 Sep 19.
Abstract

Development of a stochastic model for the efficacy of NRTIs using known mechanisms of action.
Khalili S, Monaco JM, Armaou A.
J Theor Biol. 2010 May 24
Abstract

Nucleoside and Nucleotide HIV Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: 25 Years After Zidovudine.
Cihlar T, Ray A.
Antiviral Res
. 2009 Oct 31.
Abstract

A review of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor use to prevent perinatal transmission of HIV.
Nurutdinova D, Overton ET.
Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2009 Aug 29
Abstract

Establishment of pharmacological evaluation system for non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors
resistant HIV-1
Cao YL, Li SX, Chen H, Guo Y.
Yao Xue Xue Bao. 2009 Apr;44(4):355-61
Abstract

Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship of NRTIs and its connection to viral escape:
An example based on zidovudine.
von Kleist M, Huisinga W.
Eur J Pharm Sci. 2008 Dec 25.
Abstract
 

Impact of Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) on Mitochondrial DNA and RNA in Human
Skeletal Muscle Cells.
Saitoh A, Haas R, Naviaux R, et al
Antimicrob Agents Chemother.
2008 Jun 9.
Abstract
 

Dual Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Therapy in the Combination Antiretroviral
Therapy Era and Predictors of Discontinuation or Switch to Combination Antiretroviral Therapy.

Selinger-Leneman H, Matheron S, Mahamat A, et al 
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007 Oct 25;
Abstract 
 

Nucleoside Reverse-Transcriptase Inhibitor Dosing Errors in an Outpatient HIV Clinic in the
Electronic Medical Record Era.

Willig JH, Westfall AO, Allison J, et al  
Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Sep 1;45(5):658-61.
Abstract 
 
FULL-TEXT PDF ARTICLE
Nucleoside Analogue Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Options: A Re-examination of the Class.
Hammer SM.
Top HIV Med.
2006 Oct-Nov;14(4):140-3.
Paper
 
Nucleoside/nucleotide backbones for the treatment of HIV infection.
Barreiro P, Jimenez-Nacher I, Garcia Bm, et al
Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2005 Aug;6(8):812-22.
Abstract 
 
Antiretroviral Treatment Simplification With 3 NRTIs or 2 NRTIs Plus Nevirapine in HIV-1-Infected
Patients Treated With Successful First-Line HAART.
Bonjoch A, Paredes R, Galvez J, et al 
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.
2005 Jul 1;39(3):313-316.
Abstract 
 
The Pharmacology of Antiretroviral Nucleoside and Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase
Inhibitors: Implications for Once-Daily Dosing.
Back DJ, Burger DM, Flexner CW, Gerber JG.
Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.
2005 Aug 1;39 Suppl 1:S1-S23.
Abstract 
 
New Nucleoside/Nucleotide Backbone Options: A Review of Recent Studies.
Ruane PJ, DeJesus E.  
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004 Sep 1;37:S21-S29
Abstract 
 
Pharmacokinetic properties of nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
Piliero PJ.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004 Sep 1;37 Suppl 1:S2-S12
Abstract 
 
The role of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor backbones in
antiretroviral therapy.
Young B.  
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004 Sep 1;37 Suppl 1:S13-20
Abstract 
 
The ideal nucleoside/nucleotide backbone.
Gallant JE 
 
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.
2004 Sep 1;37 Suppl 1:S44-51.
Abstract 
 
Nucleoside analogue use before and during highly active antiretroviral therapy and virus load
rebound.
Collaboration of HIV Cohorts. 
J Infect Dis. 2004 Aug 15;190(4):675-87.
Abstract 

Trends in the Design of Nucleoside Analogues as Anti-HIV Drugs.
el Kouni MH.
Curr Pharm Des 2002;8(8):581-9
Abstract 
 


Efficacy
 

     Journal Papers, Abstracts, and Commentaries 

 
Multiscale Systems-Pharmacology Pipeline to Assess the Prophylactic Efficacy of NRTIs Against HIV-1.
Duwal S, Sunkara V, von Kleist M.CPT
Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol
. 2016 Jul 21.
Abstract 

Rapid plasma viral suppression in naive HIV-infected patients with high CD4 cells and low viraemia initiating a dual nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor strategy: a proof-of-concept study.
Seang S, Fourati S, Keita Y, et al:}
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014 Jul 22.
Abstract 

SAMHD1 has differential impact on the efficacies of HIV nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
Huber AD, Michailidis E, Schultz ML, et al
Antimicrob Agents Chemother
. 2014 May 27.
Abstract 

Immunovirological Response to Triple Nucleotide Reverse-Transcriptase Inhibitors and
Ritonavir-Boosted Protease Inhibitors in Treatment-Naive HIV-2-Infected Patients: The ACHIEV2E
Collaboration Study Group.
Benard A, van Sighem A, Taieb A,  et al
Clin Infect Dis
. 2011 May;52(10):1257-1266
Abstract 

FULL-TEXT ARTICLE
Long-term CD4+ T-cell count evolution after switching from regimens including HIV nucleoside
reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) plus protease inhibitors to regimens containing NRTI plus
non-NRTI or only NRTI containing NRTI plus non-NRTI or only NRTI.

Torti C, d'Arminio-Monforte A, Pozniak AL,  et al
BMC Infect Dis
. 2011 Jan 25;11(1):23.
Paper

Efficacy and safety of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-sparing salvage therapy
for multidrug-resistant HIV-1 infection based on new-class and new-generation antiretrovirals.
Imaz A, Llibre JM, Mora M,  et al
J Antimicrob Chemother
. 2010 Dec 14.
Abstract 

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in combination therapy for HIV patients:
systematic review and meta-analysis.
Chowers M, Gottesman BS, Leibovici L, et al
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis
. 2010 May 7.
Abstract

Quantifying the treatment efficacy of reverse transcriptase inhibitors: new analyses of clinical
data based on within-host modeling.
Breban R, Napravnik S, Kahn J, Blower S.
BMC Public Health. 2009 Nov 18;9 Suppl 1:S11.
Abstract

Effects of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor backbone on the efficacy of first-line
boosted highly active antiretroviral therapy based on protease inhibitors: meta-regression
analysis of 12 clinical trials in 5168 patients.
Hill A, Sawyer W. 
HIV Med. 2009 Oct;10(9):527-35.
Abstract

Initial therapy with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-containing regimens is more effective than with
regimens that spare them with no difference in short-term fat distribution: Hippocampe-ANRS 121 Trial.
Duvivier C, Ghosn J, Assoumou L, Soulié C, et al
J Antimicrob Chemother.
2008 Jul 18.
Abstract
 

A comparison of three highly active antiretroviral treatment strategies consisting of
non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, or both in the

presence of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors as initial therapy (CPCRA 058
FIRST Study): a long-term randomised trial.

MacArthur RD, Novak RM, Peng G, et al
Lancet.
2006 Dec 16;368(9553):2125-35.
Abstract
 
Nucleoside  Reverse Transcriptase  Inhibitors Prevent HIV Protease  Inhibitor Induced 
Atherosclerosisby  Ubiquitination and Degradation of Protein Kinase E C.
Bradshaw EL, Li XA, Guerin T, et al
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2006 Jul 5;
Abstract

Triple nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor- vs. nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitor-containing regimens as first-line therapy: efficacy and durability in a prospective cohort
of French HIV-infected patients.
Cuzin L, Pugliese P, Bugnon F, et al 
HIV Med. 2005 Nov;6(6):388-95.
Abstract
 

Three-Year Durability of Dual-Nucleoside Versus Triple-Nucleoside Therapy in a Thai Population
With HIV Infection.
Behalf of the HIV-NAT 002 and HIV-NAT 003 Study Team.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004 Jun 1;36(2):693-701}
Abstract
 
Immune reconstitution is comparable in antiretroviral-naive subjects after 1 year of successful
therapy with a nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor- or protease inhibitor-containing
antiretroviralregimen.
Landay AL, Spritzler J, Kessler H, et al 
J Infect Dis.
2003 Nov 15;188(10):1444-54.
Abstract 
 
Safety and efficacy of switching to alternative nucleoside analogues following symptomatic h
yperlactatemia and lactic acidosis.
Lonergan JT, Barber RE, Mathews WC.   
AIDS. 2003 Nov 21;17(17):2495-9.
Abstract 

Differential susceptibility of retroviruses to nucleoside analogues.
Rosenblum LL, Patton G, Grigg AR et al.
Antivir Chem Chemother 2001 Mar;12(2):91-7
Abstract 

Therapeutic effects of nucleoside analogues on psychomotor slowing in HIV infection.
Arendt G, von Giesen HJ, Hefter H, Theisen A

AIDS 2001 Mar 9;15(4):493-500
Abstract
 

Viral Dynamics Data
 

          Journal Papers, Abstracts, and Commentaries

 
Time to Virological Failure of 3 Classes of Antiretrovirals after Initiation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy:
Results from the EuroSIDA Study Group.

Mocroft A, Ledergerber B, Viard JP, et  al. 
J Infect Dis. 2004 Dec 1;190(11):1947-1956.
Abstract

FULL-TEXT PDF ARTICLE   
Comparative CD4 T-cell responses of reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy with or without
nelfinavir matched for viral
exposure.
Kravcik S, Magill A, Sanghvi B, et al
HIV Clin Trials 2001 Mar-Apr;2(2):160-70

Paper


Resistance Data
 

     Journal Papers, Abstracts, and Commentaries

 
Nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor cross-resistance and outcomes from second-line antiretroviral therapy in the public health approach: an observational analysis within the randomised, open-label, EARNEST trial.
Paton NI, Kityo C, Thompson J, et al
Lancet HIV
. 2017 May 8. pii: S2352-3018(17)30065-6.
Abstract

FULL-TEXT ARTICLE
Development and Customization of a Color-Coded Microbeads-Based Assay for Drug Resistance in HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase.
Gu L, Kawana-Tachikawa A, Shiino T, et al
PLoS One
. 2014 Oct 14;9(10):e109823

Paper

Low-Frequency HIV-1 Drug Resistance Mutations and Risk of NNRTI-Based Antiretroviral
Treatment Failure: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis.
Li JZ, Paredes R, Ribaudo HJ, et al
JAMA
. 2011 Apr 6;305(13):1327-35.

Abstract

A Novel Molecular Mechanism of Dual Resistance to NRTIs and NNRTIs.
Nikolenko GN, Delviks-Frankenberry KA, Pathak VK.
J Virol. 2010 Mar 10.
Abstract

Nucleoside and nucleotide analogs select in culture for different patterns of drug resistance in human
immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2.

Ntemgwa ML, Toni TD, Brenner BG,et al 
Antimicrob Agents Chemothe
r
. 2008 Dec 8.
Abstract
 

Impact of unreported HIV-1 reverse transcriptase mutations on phenotypic resistance to nucleoside and
non-nucleoside inhibitors.

Saracino A, Monno L, Scudeller L, et al 
J Med Virol. 2005 Nov 18;78(1):9-17
Abstract

Prevalence of complete resistance to at least two classes of antiretroviral drugs in treated
HIV-1-infected patients: A French nationwide study.
Masquelier B, Costagliola D, Schmuck A .

J Med Virol. 2005 Aug;76(4):441-6.
Abstract
 
Nucleoside and nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors: a clinical review of a
ntiretroviral resistance.
Gallant JE, Gerondelis PZ, Wainberg MA, et al
Antivir Ther. 2003 Dec;8(6):489-506
Abstract
 
Broad nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor cross-resistance in human immunodeficiency
virus type 1 clinical isolates.
Whitcomb JM, Parkin NT, Chappey C, et al
J Infect Dis. 2003 Oct 1;188(7):992-1000.
Abstract

FULL-TEXT ARTICLE             
Establishment of new transmissible and drug-sensitive human immunodeficiency
virus type 1 wild types due to transmission of nucleoside analogue-resistant virus.
de Ronde A, van Dooren M, van Der Hoek
Virol 2001 Jan;75(2):595-602 
Paper
 

 
  Antiviral resistance of biologic HIV-2 clones obtained from individuals on nucleoside reverse
transcriptase inhibitor therapy.
van der Ende ME, Guillon C, Boers , et al 
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000 Sep 1;25(1):11-8      
Abstract
 
 
  FULL-TEXT ARTICLE   
Prevalence and characteristics of multinucleoside-resistant human immunodeficiency
virus type 1 among European patients receiving combinations of nucleoside analogues.
Van Vaerenbergh K, Van Laethem K, Albert J, et al.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000 Aug;44(8):2109-17
Paper
 
 

Drug/NRTI Interactions
 

Ribavirin

          Journal Papers, Abstracts, and Commentaries
 
  Effect of ribavirin on intracellular and plasma pharmacokinetics of nucleoside reverse
transcriptase inhibitors in patients with human immunodeficiency virus-hepatitis C virus
coinfection: results of a randomized clinical study.
Rodriguez-Torres M, Torriani FJ, Soriano V, et al
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Oct;49(10):3997-4008.
Abstract

Monitoring
 

          Journal Papers, Abstracts, and Commentaries
 
  FULL-TEXT ARTICLE
Development and Customization of a Color-Coded Microbeads-Based Assay for Drug Resistance in HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase.
Gu L, Kawana-Tachikawa A, Shiino T, et al
PLoS One
. 2014 Oct 14;9(10):e109823

Paper

Evaluation of HIV-1 Ambiguous Nucleotide Frequency during Antiretroviral Treatment Interruption.
Li JZ, Christensen JA, Wang H,  et al 
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr
. 2012 Jun 22
Abstract

FULL-TEXT ARTICLE
Measuring Enzymatic HIV-1 Susceptibility to Two Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors as a Rapid and Simple
Approach to HIV-1 Drug-Resistance Testing.
Hoffmann D, Garcia AD, Harrigan PR, et al
PLoS One
. 2011;6(7):e22019.
Paper

Development and validation of a liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric assay for the
quantitation of nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors in biological matrices
.
Compain S, Schlemmer D, Levi M,et al
Mass Spectrom. 2005 Jan 11;40(1):9-18
Abstract


Pregnancy Data
 

          Journal Papers, Abstracts, and Commentaries

 
Maternal-fetal transfer and amniotic fluid accumulation of nucleoside analogue reverse
transcriptase inhibitors in human immunodeficiency virus-infected pregnant women.
Chappuy H, Treluyer JM, Jullien V, et al 
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004 Nov;48(11):4332-6.
Abstract  

Antiretroviral agents and pregnancy: mitochondrial dysfunction and nucleoside analogs
Loubeyre-Unique C, Gautier A, Vauzelle-Gardier C, et al,       
Therapie 2001 May-Jun;56(3):261-6
Abstract     

Risk of early febrile seizure with perinatal exposure to nucleoside analogues.
Landreau-Mascaro A, Barret B,  Mayaux MJ, et al.
Lancet
2002 Feb 16;359(9306):583-4  

Abstract    

Pediatric Data
 

          Journal Papers, Abstracts, and Commentaries

 
Pattern and predictors of immunologic recovery in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children
receiving non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based highly active antiretroviral therapy.
Puthanakit T, Kerr S, Ananworanich J, et al

Pediatr Infect Dis J
.
2009 Jun;28(6):488-92.
Abstract

Baseline resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors fails to predict virologic
response to combination therapy in children (PACTG 338).

Fiscus SA, Kovacs A, Petch LA, et al  
AIDS Res Ther
. 2007 Feb 6;4(1):2
Abstract

Nucleoside-analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitors plus nevirapine, nelfinavir, or ritonavir for
pretreated children infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
Krogstad P, Lee S, Johnson G, Stanley K, et al.
Clin Infect Dis 2002 Apr 1;34(7):991-1001
Abstract

 


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Nucleoside/Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors