Medical Advocates
Nucleoside/Nucleotide RTIs

Adverse Events

General Reports
Cancer
Cardiovascular Disorders
Metabolic Disorders
Hyperlactatemia
Lactic Acidosis
Mitochondrial Disorders
Myopathy
Pancreatitis

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Last Update: May 13, 2017
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General Reports

Journal Papers, Abstracts, and Commentaries

Long term adverse effects related to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors:
Clinical impact of mitochondrial toxicity.
Maagaard A, Kvale D.
Scand J Infect Dis. 2009 Aug 25:1-10.
Abstract

Toxicities Associated with Dual Nucleoside Reverse-Transcriptase Inhibitor Regimens in
HIV-Infected Children.
Van Dyke RB, Wang L, Williams PL, et al
J Infect Dis. 2008 Dec 1;198(11):1599-608
Abstract

Mechanisms of genotoxicity of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
Olivero OA.
Environ Mol Mutagen. 2006 Jan 4;
Abstract

Cancer

Journal Papers, Abstracts, and Commentaries

Incidence of cancer in children perinatally exposed to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
Benhammou V, Warszawski J, Bellec S, et al
AIDS. 2008 Oct 18;22(16):2165-2177.
Abstract

Cardiovascular Disorders

Journal Papers, Abstracts, and Commentaries
	Use of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients. The SMART/INSIGHT and the D:A:D Study Groups. AIDS. 2008 Aug 20. Abstract

Metabolic Disorders: General

Journal Papers, Abstracts, and Commentaries

Impact of NRTIs on lipid levels among a large HIV-infected cohort initiating antiretroviral therapy
in clinical care.
Crane HM, Grunfeld C, Willig JH, et al
AIDS. 2010 Dec 9.
Abstract

Brief Report: Insulin Resistance Is Affected by Increased Levels of Plasma Lactate but not
Mitochondrial Alterations in Skeletal Muscle in NRTI-Exposed HIV-Infected Patients.
Maagaard A, Holberg-Petersen M, Torjesen PA, et al
HIV Clin Trials. 2007 Sep-Oct;8(5):345-53.
Abstract

Metabolic Effects of Protease Inhibitor-Sparing Antiretroviral Regimens Given as Initial
Treatment of HIV-1 Infection (AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5095).
Shikuma CM, Yang Y, Glesby MJ, et al
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007 Jan 22;
Abstract

Long-Term Body Composition and Metabolic Changes in Antiretroviral Naive Persons
Randomized to Protease Inhibitor-, Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor-, or
Protease Inhibitor Plus Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor-Based Strategy.
Shlay JC, Bartsch G, Peng G, et al
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007 Feb 22;
Abstract

Hyperlactatemia

Journal Papers, Abstracts, and Commentaries

	FULL-TEXT ARTICLE Prevalence, risk factors and outcome of hyperlactataemia in HIV-infected patients. Hocqueloux L, Alberti C, Feugeas JP, HIV Med 2003 Jan;4(1):18-23 Paper
	FULL-TEXT ARTICLE Symptomatic hyperlactatemia in an HIV-positive patient: a case report and discussion. Antoniou T, Weisdorf T, Gough K. CMAJ 2003 Jan 21;168(2):195-8 Paper
	Hyperlactataemia in HIV-infected patients: the role of NRTI-treatment. Vrouenraets SM, Treskes M, Regez RM, et al. Antivir Ther 2002 Dec;7(4):239-44 Abstract
	Chronic hyperlactatemia in HIV-infected patients taking antiretroviral therapy John M, Moore CB, James IR, et al. AIDS 2001 Apr 13;15(6):717-23 Abstract
	Hyperlactatemia and hepatic abnormalities in 10 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving nucleoside analogue combination regimens. Lonergan JT, Behling C, Pfander H, et al. Clin Infect Dis 2000 Jul;31(1):162-6 Abstract

Lactic Acidemia/Acidosis

Journal Papers, Abstracts, and Commentaries

	Lactic acidosis related to nucleoside therapy in HIV-infected patients. Falco VV, Crespo M, Ribera E Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2003 Aug;4(8):1321-1329. Abstract
	Bench-to-bedside review: Severe lactic acidosis in HIV patients treated with nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Claessens YE, Chiche JD, Mira JP, Cariou A. Crit Care. 2003 Jun;7(3):226-32. Abstract
	Lactic acidosis associated with nucleoside analog therapy in an HIV-positive patient. Goldfarb-Rumyantzev AS, Jeyakumar A, et al. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2000 Jul;14(7):339-42 Abstract

Mitochondrial Disorders

Journal Papers, Abstracts, and Commentaries

A brief overview of mechanisms of mitochondrial toxicity from NRTIs.
Kohler JJ, Lewis W .
Environ Mol Mutagen. 2006 Jun 6;
Abstract

Nucleoside-Related Mitochondrial Toxicity among HIV-Infected Patients Receiving
Antiretroviral Therapy: Insights from the Evaluation of Venous Lactic Acid and
Peripheral Blood Mitochondrial DNA.
Montaner JS, Cote HC, Harris M, et al
Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Mar 1;38 Suppl 2:S73-9.
Abstract

Mitochondrial toxicity of nrti antiviral drugs: an integrated cellular perspective.
Lewis W, Day BJ, Copeland WC.
Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003 Oct;2(10):812-22.
Abstract

Mitochondrial dysfunction and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy:
experimental clarifications and persistent clinical questions.
Lewis W
Antiviral Res 2003 May;58(3):189-97
Abstract

Toxic effects of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors on the liver.Value of electron
microscopy analysis for the diagnosis of mitochondrial cytopathy.
Van Huyen JP, Landau A, Piketty C, et al.
Am J Clin Pathol 2003 Apr;119(4):546-55
Abstract

Changes in mitochondrial DNA as a marker of nucleoside toxicity in HIV-infected patients.
Cote HC, Brumme ZL, Craib KJ, et al.
N Engl J Med 2002 Mar 14;346(11):811-20
Abstract

Myopathy

Skeletal myopathy associated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy: potential
benefit of coenzyme Q(10) therapy.
Rosenfeldt FL, Mijch A, McCrystal G, et al
Int J STD AIDS. 2005 Dec;16(12):827-829
Abstract

Pancreatitis

Journal Papers, Abstracts, and Commentaries

Incidence of pancreatitis in HIV-infected patients receiving nucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitor drugs.
Keruly JC, Chaisson RE.
AIDS 2001 Mar 30;15(5):617-20
Abstract

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Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Adverse Events